We screened a total of 1736 individuals identified as incident dialysis patients by dialysis staff of which, 943 (54.3%) met eligibility criteria. Those with either a pacemaker (n = 89) or an automatic implanatable cardioverter defibrillator (n = 70) at time of screening were ineligible to participate in the study in addition to other reasons such as nursing home residents, inability to consent, history of recent cancer and history of peritoneal dialysis or transplantation. A total of 574 participants (61% of 943) were consented into the study with 402 completing the baseline cardiac evaluation. The median follow-up time was 1.78 years (range 0–5.43) with 52 participants who underwent kidney transplantation, 25 who transferred to peritoneal dialysis, and 106 who died as of July 31, 2014.
The PACE study population is predominantly younger and comprised of a larger proportion of African Americans than described in the national Comprehensive Dialysis Study (CDS) or the USRDS (Table4 ) [1 ,85 (link)]. In Table 5 , the baseline demographic and clinical characteristics are shown for the study population enrolled. The baseline characteristics of the cardiac measures, laboratory tests and medications are also provided for those who have completed the initial study visit with the detailed cardiac evaluation.
The PACE study population is predominantly younger and comprised of a larger proportion of African Americans than described in the national Comprehensive Dialysis Study (CDS) or the USRDS (Table
| Dialysis study | PACE | CDS* | USRDS* |
|---|---|---|---|
| Time period | 2009-2012 | 2005-2007 | 2008 |
| 574 | 1646 | 110,175 | |
| 66% | 28% | 28.8% | |
| 56 | 60 | 62.8 | |
| 73% | 61.8% | 52.8% | |
| 53% | 52.6% | 44.9% | |
| 29.3 | 29.8 | 28.4 | |
| 54% | 55.1% | 57.6% | |
| 402 | 361 | None | |
| Annual in-person clinical evaluations semi-annual phone interviews | Passive | Passive | |
| Signal averaged ECG | None | None | |
| Echocardiogram | |||
| Cardiac CT calcium and angiography | |||
| Pulse wave velocity | |||
| Ankle brachial index | |||
| Adjudicated | Passive | Passive | |
| 402 | 269 | None | |
| Yes | None | None |
*CDS-Comprehensive Dialysis Study 1646 completed phone interview; USRDS- United States Renal Data Systems.
| Characteristics | All PACE participants | Completed cardiovascular visit* |
|---|---|---|
| Male, n (%) | 319 (56) | 233 (59) |
| African-American, n (%) | 397 (69) | 288 (72) |
| Age in years, mean ± SD | 56 (13.5) | 55 (13.2) |
| Education, % graduated high school | 62 | 248 (63) |
| Employment, % employed | 12 | 47 (12) |
| Marital status, % married | 31 | 29 |
| Three times a week dialysis, n (%) | 566 (98.6) | 397 (98.8) |
| Three to four hour dialysis session, n (%) | 505 (88.0) | 353 (87.8) |
| Polyflux membrane, n (%) | 446 (77.7) | 306 (86.4) |
| Arteriovenous fistula access, n (%) | 163 (28.7) | 122 (30.3) |
| Smoking, % ever smoker | 59 | 60 |
| Body mass index kg/m2, mean ± SD | 29.4 (7.9) | 29.3 (7.8) |
| CVD, % diagnosed | 44 | 45 |
| CHF, % diagnosed | 23 | 25 |
| Diabetes, % diagnosed | 54 | 55 |
| Systolic blood pressure mmHg, mean ± SD | n/a | 137 (25) |
| Diastolic blood pressure mmHg, mean ± SD | n/a | 75 (15) |
| Waist to hip ratio | n/a | 0.95 (0.08) |
| Frailty, % diagnosed | n/a | 40 |
| Average literacy, mean | n/a | Grade 8 |
| Cognitively impaired, % diagnosed | n/a | 14 |
| Depression, % diagnosed | n/a | 17 |
| Betablocker, % | n/a | 58 |
| ACEI/ARB, % | n/a | 44 |
| Calcium channel blocker, % | n/a | 60 |
| Statins, % | n/a | 52 |
| Ionized calcium mean ± SD. mmol/L | n/a | 1.15 (0.07) |
| Magnesium mean ± SD, mg/dL | n/a | 1.76 (0.24) |
*Cardiovascular study visits were conducted at the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research and the Cardiology Research Laboratory.
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