LIG working electrodes were designed in CorelDraw consisting of a circular working area (3.0 mm) connected to a stem (14.3 × 2 mm) that leads to a bonding pad area (2.9 × 2.5 mm) based on previous work19 (link),46 (link). In summary, LIG electrodes were engraved on Kapton film using a CO2 laser (VLS2.30DT, Universal Laser Systems, Inc., Scottsdale, AZ, US) at 75% speed, 40% power, and 1000 PPI. A passivation layer of nitrocellulose lacquer was applied to the stem area, and a metallic tape was incorporated into the bonding pad area of the working electrode. Platinum nanoparticles (nPt) were coated on the working electrode via electrodeposition by immersing the working electrode in a solution of 1.44% (v/v) chloroplatinic acid and 0.002% (v/v) lead acetate and applying a constant potential of 10 V for 90 s, as described by Moreira et al. (2022).
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