DNA encoding smFPs were ordered from DNA2.0. Genes encoding smFPs were sub-cloned into pRSETa (Life Technologies) for protein expression and purification in Escherichia coli BL21 (this adds an N-terminal His tag for purification, and increases the MW by 4 kDa). Genes encoding smFP variants were sub-cloned into the pCAGGS vector with a CAG promoter (CMV enhancer, β-actin promoter) and regulatory element from the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WPRE)50 (link) for expression in HeLa cells and in utero electroporation51 (link), 52 (link). For expression in flies, R59A05-GAL449 (link) was used to drive expression of UAS-smFP reporter constructs. For expression in mice, GFP and smFP variants were expressed using an adeno-associated virus serotype 2/1 (AAV2/1) driving the probe under control of the human synapsin-1 promoter or a Cre-dependent (FLEX) version of the CAG promoter; live virus was produced (Janelia Farm Viral Vector Core). All constructs were verified by sequencing.