Detailed methodology is included in Additional File 1. Blood samples were analyzed for complete blood counts, creatinine, albumin, plasma lipids, total carotenoids, vitamin C, folate, vitamin B12, pyridoxal-5'-phosphate, homocysteine, methylmalonic acid, C-reactive protein, glucose, insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin, blood urea nitrogen, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. A 12-hour urine sample was analyzed for cortisol, creatinine, epinephrine and norepinephrine. Saliva samples were used for measurement of salivary cortisol.
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