The full UKB neuroimaging protocol can be found online (https://biobank.ctsu.ox.ac.uk/crystal/crys-tal/docs/brain_mri.pdf).79 (link) MR images were acquired on a 3-T Siemens Skyra MRI scanner (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany). T1-weighted MRI used a 3D MPRAGE sequence with 1-mm isotropic resolution with the following sequence parameters: repetition time = 2000 ms, echo time = 2.01 ms, 256 axial slices, slice thickness = 1 mm, and in-plane resolution = 1 × 1 mm. In the HCHS, MR images were acquired as well on a 3-T Siemens Skyra MRI scanner. Measurements were performed with a protocol as described in previous work.74 (link) In detail, for 3D T1-weighted anatomical images, rapid acquisition gradient-echo sequence (MPRAGE) was used with the following sequence parameters: repetition time = 2500 ms, echo time = 2.12 ms, 256 axial slices, slice thickness = 0.94 mm, and in-plane resolution = 0.83 × 0.83 mm.