Chondrogenic Differentiation of BMSCs

P2 BMSCs with good growth conditions were cultured in 12-well plates at a density of 5 × 10⁵. After the BMSCs reached 80% confluence, they were incubated from basic medium to chondrogenic differentiation medium [high-glucose DMEM (Corning, USA) with the addition of 10% FBS, 1% P/S, 40 mg/mL proline (Solarbio, Beijing, China), 100 mg/mL sodium pyruvate (Solarbio, China), 50 mg/mL vitamin C (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), 50 mg/mL insulin–transferrin–selenium (ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), and 10 ng/mL transforming growth factor (Abbkine, Wuhan, China)] [16 (link)]. The chondrogenic induction medium was changed every 2 days for 7 and 14 days.