Frailty was operationalized analogously to the social vulnerability index, in both the CSHA and NPHS, as described elsewhere.[17] (link), [24] (link) In brief, deficits representing self-reported symptoms, health attitudes, illnesses, and impaired functions (Table S1 ) were identified and given scores mapping to the 0–1 interval as described above, with a greater score corresponding to worse health status. The social vulnerability and frailty indices were mutually exclusive; no deficits overlapped.
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