Nanovesicle Size and Charge Analysis

Dynamic light scattering (DLS) was used to determine the mean size and polydispersity (PDI) of the nanovesicles [11 (link)]. DLS was performed using a Zetasizer Nano series ZS90 apparatus (Malvern Instruments, Worcestershire, UK) equipped with a 4 mW He-Ne laser operating at 632.8 nm, an optical fiber-based detector and a digital LV/LSE-5003 correlator. Ten measurements were performed in triplicate at 25 ± 2 °C using an optical quality 10 × 10 × 45 mm polystyrol/polystyrene cell at 90°. A total of 20 µL of each sample was diluted to 1 mL using ultrapure water. The cumulant method was used with the aid of Zetasizer software version 7.02 (Malvern Panalytical Ltd., Almelo, The Netherlands). Electrophoretic light scattering (ELS), using the same apparatus and the same operating conditions as DLS, gave the ζ-potential (mV) [13 (link)]. A Henry correction to Smoluchowski’s equation was used for the calculation of the electrophoretic mobility.