Blood samples for serum 25(OH)D testing collected during the examination were centrifuged, divided into aliquots, and frozen to −70°C on site and then shipped on dry ice to central laboratories, where they were stored at −70°C until analysis. Serum 25 (OH)D levels were measured by a radioimmunoassay kit after extraction with acetonitrile (DiaSorin, Stillwater, Minnesota) by the National Center for Environmental Health (Atlanta, Georgia). Because risk factors for vitamin D insufficiency have been extensively explored in previous NHANES analyses,30 (link) we focused the current analysis on self-reported age, sex, and race/ethnicity collected during the household interview to evaluate changes in previously documented demographic disparities in vitamin D insufficiency.31 (link),32 Because the month of data collection was not publicly reported in NHANES 2001–2004 (owing to protection of confidentiality), we did not record or control for season.