Deidentified patient samples were obtained by our tissue procurement service (Bionet) under a waiver of informed consent from the University of Minnesota IRB (no. 1504M68341). Fresh IPF lungs were obtained at the time of lung transplantation, and control lung tissue was obtained by VATS biopsy or lobectomy. Animal protocols were approved and conducted in accordance with the University of Minnesota IACUC regulations (approval no. 1706-34890A).
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